Saturday, July 7, 2012

Alaska aquarium cares for abandoned beluga calf

This photo taken July 4, 2012, at the Alaska SeaLife Center in Seward, Alaska, shows Dennis Christen of the Georgia Aquarium feed a bottle to a baby beluga calf being rehabilitated at the center. The whale was approximately two days old when it was found in Bristol Bay, Alaska, and separated from its mother. Staff from the Alaska SeaLife Center is receiving help with the whale's care from the Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta, Shedd Aquarium in ChiCago and SeaWord in San Diego. (AP Photo/Mark Thiessen)

This photo taken July 4, 2012, at the Alaska SeaLife Center in Seward, Alaska, shows Dennis Christen of the Georgia Aquarium feed a bottle to a baby beluga calf being rehabilitated at the center. The whale was approximately two days old when it was found in Bristol Bay, Alaska, and separated from its mother. Staff from the Alaska SeaLife Center is receiving help with the whale's care from the Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta, Shedd Aquarium in ChiCago and SeaWord in San Diego. (AP Photo/Mark Thiessen)

This photo taken July 4, 2012, at the Alaska SeaLife Center in Seward, Alaska, shows Elizabeth Davis from the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, left, and Dennis Christen of the Georgia Aquarium feed a bottle to a baby beluga calf being rehabilitated at the center. The whale was approximately two days old when it was found in Bristol Bay, Alaska, and separated from its mother. Staff from the Alaska SeaLife Center is receiving help with the whale's care from the Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta, Shedd Aquarium in ChiCago and SeaWord in San Diego.. (AP Photo/Mark Thiessen)

This photo taken July 4, 2012, at the Alaska SeaLife Center in Seward, Alaska, shows a baby beluga calf being rehabilitated at the center. The whale was approximately two days old when it was found in Bristol Bay, Alaska, and separated from its mother. Staff from the Alaska SeaLife Center is receiving help with the whale's care from the Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta, Shedd Aquarium in ChiCago and SeaWord in San Diego.. (AP Photo/Mark Thiessen)

SEWARD, Alaska (AP) ? Marine mammal specialists from across the country have descended on an Alaska aquarium to help care for a baby beluga whale that became separated from its mother shortly after its birth.

The male calf is under 24-hour care at the Alaska SeaLife Center in Seward, being fed by a stomach tube while learning how to suckle from a bottle.

"He's currently doing very well, swimming on his own and he has been from the first time he got here, learning to take food from a bottle, which has been challenging," said Tara Riemer Jones, the center's president and CEO.

It's believed to be the first baby beluga rescue in the United States, at least since federal record keeping began in 1972, she said. Other attempts at rescue resulted in calf deaths or in one case, the calf being returned to its pod.

It's such a rare event that specialists have been helping with the animal's care, including staff members from the Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta, Shedd Aquarium in Chicago and SeaWorld in San Diego.

"It's actually a pretty unprecedented event in certain ways," said Dennis Christen, the Georgia Aquarium's director of animal training who was in place 29 hours after the calf arrived in Seward.

The whale was estimated to be 2 days old when it was found near South Naknek, in Alaska's Bristol Bay, on June 18. Officials believe a storm likely separated the calf from its mother.

Tim Lebling, the Alaska SeaLife Center's stranding coordinator, flew to South Naknek that afternoon to retrieve the calf.

It was flown 90 minutes back to Seward in dry transport. Lebling said the calf was placed on an air mattress in the plane, positioned so its weight wouldn't put pressure on vital organs, and then constantly covered with wet towels.

Lebling said it was touch-and-go for the first part of the flight, probably because of stress.

"We thought he took his last breath at one point," Lebling said, but then he breathed again.

Even though the beluga is still in critical care, caregivers are guardedly optimistic about his rehabilitation.

Survival odds for an animal this age coming into a stranding program are low, said Brett Long, the husbandry director at the center.

"We take it a day at a time," he said. "We're very happy to see that we appear to be meeting its nutritional goals and that it's maintaining its weight, and we're seeing slow, incremental weight gain."

The calf is now about 5 feet long and weighs 115 pounds, up 5 pounds since his arrival.

The biggest worry now is the calf's immune system, which is insufficiently developed because it did not receive any of its mother's milk.

"We are working with other aquariums to provide supplements that will help aid the development of that immune system, but it's a waiting game," Long said.

Jones said there is nothing specifically wrong with the calf medically "other than he's young and at high-risk."

"We're not going to say it hasn't been without some bumps in the road," Christen said. "We're very confident we're on the right path here, but it's still an animal that's in critical care, and we have to be guarded in our optimism, and we're just hopeful we're on the right path."

At the center, the calf has its own pool with toys and constant human companionship. At least three caregivers are with him 24-hours a day, two of them in wet suits and in the pool.

He often will rub up against his human handlers, who also help him learn new swimming patterns and play with him.

He's being kept out of the public's view for now in a pool being fed warmer water and in a sanitary environment. The hope is to move him soon to a larger pool, which can be seen from behind glass inside the Alaska SeaLife Center.

It's running about $2,000 a day to care for the calf, and that's not including the cost of the visiting marine mammal specialists.

Jones said the cost will strain the private, nonprofit research center's stranding program budget for the year, and officials are talking with potential donors and possibly setting up a donation matching program for individuals. They're also planning a 5K Wildlife Rescue Run on Aug. 4, encouraging virtual runners to sign up online to raise funds.

If the calf survives, he'll never see the open ocean again since there is no way now for humans to teach him survival skills.

The National Marine Fisheries Service will eventually decide where he will be placed.

"There are a number of facilities that would make a great home for this young whale, with companion animals that would likely accept him into their kind of family unit," Christen said.

Since facilities that take in animals like to be part of the naming process, the Alaska SeaLife Center hasn't given the calf a name, yet.

But that hasn't stopped most everyone caring for him from calling him "Naknek."

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/b2f0ca3a594644ee9e50a8ec4ce2d6de/Article_2012-07-06-Baby%20Whale-Rescue/id-ba07cca519ca4b88b3440e42c80a7ed6

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When anxiety won't go away

Friday, July 6, 2012

Feelings of anxiety very effectively prevent people from getting into situations that are too dangerous. Those who have had a terrible experience initially tend to avoid the place of tragedy out of fear. If no other oppressive situation arises, normally the symptoms of fear gradually subside. "The memory of the terrible events is not just erased." states first author, PD Dr. Andras Bilkei Gorzo, from the Institute for Molecular Psychiatry at the University of Bonn. "Those impacted learn rather via an active learning process that they no longer need to be afraid because the danger has passed." But following extreme psychical stress resulting from wars, hostage-takings, accidents or catastrophes chronic anxiety disorders can develop which even after months don't subside.

Body's own dynorphin weakens fears

Why is it that in some people terrible events are deeply engraved in their memory, while after a while others seem to have completely put aside any anxiety related to the incident? Scientists in the fields of psychiatry, molecular psychiatry and radiology at the University of Bonn are all involved in probing this issue. "We were able to demonstrate by way of a series of experiments that dynorphin plays an important role in weakening anxiety," says Prof. Dr. Andreas Zimmer, Director of the Institute for Molecular Psychiatry at the University of Bonn. The substance group in question is opiods which also includes, for instance, endorphins. The latter are released by the body of athletes and have an analgesic and euphoric effect. The reverse, however, is true of dynorphins: They are known for putting a damper on emotional moods.

Mice with disabled gene exhibit persistent anxiety

The team working with Prof. Zimmer tested the exact impact of dynorphins on the brain using mice whose gene for the formation of this substance had been disabled. After being exposed to a brief and unpleasant electric shock, the animals exhibited persistent anxiety symptoms, even if they hadn't been confronted with the negative stimulus over a longer time. Mice exhibiting a normal amount of released dynorphin were anxious to begin with as well, but the symptoms quickly subsided. "This behavior is the same in humans: If you burn your hand on the stove once, you don't forget the incident that quickly," explains Prof. Zimmer. "Learning vocabulary, on the other hand, typically tends to be more tedious because it's not tied to emotions."

Results are transferrable to people

Next the researchers showed that these results can be transferred to people. "We took advantage of the fact that people exhibit natural variations of the dynorphin gene that lead to different levels of this substance being released in the brain," reports Prof. Dr. Dr. Henrik Walter, Director of the Research Area Mind and Brain at the Psychiatric University Clinic at the Charit? in Berlin, who also used to perform research in this area at the University Clinic in Bonn. A total of 33 healthy probands were divided into two groups: One with the genetically stronger dynorphin release and the other which exhibits less gene activity.

Unpleasant stimulus leads to stress reactions in the probands

Equipped with computer glasses the probands observed blue and green squares which appeared and then disappeared again in a magnetic resonance tomograph (MRT). When the green square was visible the scientists repeatedly gave probands an unpleasant stimulus on the hand using a laser. Scientists were able to prove that these negative stimuli actually led to a stress reaction given the increased sweat on the skin. At the same time, researchers recorded the activities of various brain areas with the tomograph. After this conditioning stage came part two of the experiment: The researchers showed the colored squares without any unpleasant stimuli and recorded how long the stress reaction acquired earlier lasted. The next day the experiment was continued without the laser stimulus in an effort to monitor the longer-term development.

New paths in the treatment of trauma patients

It became apparent that, as in mice human, probands with lower gene activity for dynorphin exhibited stress reactions lasting considerably longer than those probands who released considerably more. Moreover, in brain scans it could be observed that the amygdala ? a brain structure in the temporal lobes that processes emotional contents - was also active even if in later testing rounds a green square was shown without the subsequent laser stimulus. "After the negative laser stimulus stopped this amygdala activity gradually became weaker. This means that the acquired anxiety reaction to the stimulus was forgotten," reports Prof. Walter. This effect was not as pronounced in the group with less dynorphin activity and prolonged anxiety. "But the 'forgetting' of acquired anxiety reactions isn't a fading, but, rather, an active process which involves the ventromedial prefrontal cortex," emphasizes Prof. Walter. To corroborate this, researchers found that in the group with less dynorphin activity there was reduced coupling between the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. "In all likelihood dynorphins affect fear forgetting in a crucial way through this structure," says Prof. Walter. The scientists now hope that by using the results they will be able to develop long-term approaches for new strategies when it comes to the treatment of trauma patients.

###

Publication: Dynorphins Regulate Fear Memory: From Mice to Men, The Journal of Neuroscience, DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1034-12.2012; www.jneurosci.org/content/32/27/9335.full

University of Bonn: http://www.uni-bonn.de

Thanks to University of Bonn for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/121532/When_anxiety_won_t_go_away

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Friday, July 6, 2012

3 Football Tumblrs we?re enjoying this week: Calcio, Middlesbrough and Pele in goal!

After the first in a new series introduced last week on Just Football, in which we bring you a regular dose of the finest football Tumblrs around, here are three more that have been keeping us mightily entertained this week:

1) I Got Cider in my Ear -?Heavy on vintage photos, Inter, Serie A and Gli Azzurri, with occasional appearances from?Brazil, Ligue 1, Frenchies, old Brits and assorted Russians. Sadly the most recent post announces that the Tumblr is being discontinued, but even if that proves the case (and we sincerely hope not), the archives are full of wonderful vintage snaps to warm the cockles. Look! Pele in goal!

Best Football Tumblrs vintage photos

2) Miniboro ? A selection of illustrations and general musings from the dog-eared pages miniboro.com. Steve Welsh runs an excellent website full of his own football art and illustrations, with the occasional interview thrown in, usually Middlesbrough focussed. The main site miniboro.com is also well worth a visit ? some of the prints and t-shirts available are superb (the latest, Italian catenaccio prints a personal favourite).

Miniboro Tumblr best football

Calcio Nel Cuore ? After the success of Italy at 2012 we thought we?d pay tribute with an Italian football-themed Tumblr, and this is one of the best. Calcio Nel Cuore is a celebration of anything and everything related to gli Azzurri and the Serie A. Features an array of pictures and quotes, although the non-native speakers of us may need Google Translate to get full value.

Calcio Nel Cuore Tumblr

Hat tip to @jackrathborn for introducing us to Tumblr no. 1. If you see any on your travels around the net leave a comment below or tweet us the link @JustFootball!

Best Football Tumblrs, Football Kits Boots And Attire, Lists, Middlesbrough, Tumblr

About Jonathan F

The boss of this here... Creator and Editor of Just-Football.com, world football analyst, watcher, freelancer and all-round enthusiast. French football analyst for Football Radar. Write for FourFourTwo, have also written for ITV, When Saturday Comes and others.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/SoccerBlogs/~3/JFEiW89BQOY/

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Mental health social worker - HEALTH, BEAUTY & FITNESS

mental health social workerIf you have been wanting ipod device earphones, sweat bands, socks, footwear, shoe inserts or even more this is actually the spot to be a few days ago Role of the Nurse in Healthcare Nurses might be considered the real heart breasts of healthcare. Kinesiology is at an extremely advanced bit of technology and at the disposal of an experienced professional is an excellent tool for health accurate diagnosis. Health informatics programs can be found at a number of schools in Canada to assist prepare students for entry into this area, such as the three the following. While they? re not perfect, they might be much better than most. 5. This provides versatility towards the insurance providers and number of choices to the customers. Recognizing that the cold is really a healthy, natural cleanse means you don? t ever have to feel guilty about being sick. You need to simply contact an expert or search a web- based company that will help you in eliminating it. Difficulty: Moderate Instructions 1) Consume Yucca Root while you would a potato. This double blow leads to high- deductible guidelines combined with greater co- pays. Health protection for a mental health social worker kid is essential. Appreciate it, as well as your existence will contain the pleasure of the happy day trip! One calcium mineral particularly that? s been garnering much attention within the health community for a while is barrier calcium. It staring at breasts good for health highlights news, step- by- step recommendations, quality recipes, and tips in beauty, fashion, style, and staring my way through between. You? ll pay a ten percent penalty should you tap into worker your HSA for anything apart from medical expenses until age 65. They further noted that the surplus oestrogen also intervenes using the normal metabolic process of melatonin ( J. Well, thinking about mental health social worker the military developed these weapons to kill people, can you want these harmful toxins within your house? You will find benefits that you simply might wish to use in your plan for example maternity, dental, and vision to higher fit your needs. These sites in addition have a team of qualified yoga experts who assist you to achieve complete holistic health. Health Advantages For People in america Part for II ? who will pay for Dental, Vision, Chiropractic care and Prescription Part I of the two- part series centered on that 15 % from the U . Always obtain the title from the insurance provider worker you contact. This constant pressure of cash, career and family can enjoy havoc mental with a good person? s mental in addition to physical Toronto health. My operate in counseling psychology makes me especially worried about the detrimental methods the modern teenagers coping this these complaints. But even health though it is still within our body it may perform a lot social of great for us.

Related Post Mental health social worker

Options To Consider About Nationalized Healthcare Nationalized Healthcare is really a concept that? s just being brought to people from the U . Health The biggest of those tubular skylights only need an opening inside your roof that? s 15 inches across. Essentially, it is a questionnaire or Standard plans are offered by insurance providers under various game titles for example Assure, Primecare, Saving idea etc. 6. Get quotes from different companies Help people create a seem knowledge of their total development and make them achieve positive self- images. Consider performing these health things like a 1- List your good reform reasons to seek any adverse health insurance policy together with your anticipation in the healthcare insurance 2- Search and

Source: http://curryrecipe-jp.net/health-2/mental-health-social-worker/

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Thursday, July 5, 2012

Hackett on Politics: GOP must win Senate to repeal health care

The centerpiece issue of the 2012 elections will be the Affordable Care Act ? also known as Obamacare ? everywhere except maybe here in Connecticut, where the issue will have only a minor impact.

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled the health care reform law is constitutional. Now, the only way to block full implementation is if Congress repeals it, and that has become the rallying cry of opponents.

But here?s the problem, at least in Connecticut.

Since Republicans took control of the U.S. House of Representatives in 2010, at least 30 efforts have been made to repeal or de-fund all or portions of the health care law. It?s my understanding that nearly every one of those efforts was successful ? in the House of Representatives that is.

Not once did any of those attempts succeed in the Senate.

So, replacing all five Democratic Connecticut House members with Republicans pledged to vote for repeal doesn?t change anything. Any repeal effort ? another will be made again next week in the House ? will continue to win approval in the lower chamber until Democrats regain control.

In fact, if every incumbent Democrat in the U.S. House of Representatives was ousted in November, that still wouldn?t change anything.

To repeal the health care law, Republicans need to maintain control of the House, take control of the U.S. Senate and then win the presidency as well.

So, the only contest in which the repeal of the Affordable Care Act has any significance is the U.S. Senate race, and for Republicans Christopher Shays and Linda McMahon, that is not a very attractive proposition.

They?ll have to convince voters who are now receiving some of the benefits under the law that taking those benefits away is really a good thing.

I?m not sure how successful they?ll be in convincing a senior citizen that restoring the ?doughnut hole? and increasing their out-of-pocket costs for prescriptions is going to fly.

Or convincing a family they have nothing to worry about if their health insurance coverage for a sick child is canceled because the insurance company has determined the illness was pre-existing.

Or better yet, how do you convince voters who receive a refund from the insurance companies in August that maybe they should consider giving that money back because repealing the law is better?

Ray Hackett is The Bulletin?s editorial page editor. He has more than 20 years of experience covering Connecticut politics. He can be reached at (860) 425-4225 or rhackett@ norwichbulletin.com.

Source: http://www.norwichbulletin.com/opinions/columnists/x448236275/Hackett-on-Politics-GOP-must-win-Senate-to-repeal-health-care

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Fun and games for youth at Gateway Church: The youth at Gateway Community Church...

bit.ly

The youth at Gateway Community Church youth have fun activities planned for the summer. Movie night starts Sunday, July 8. Sunday will be movie night for the rest of the month. Game night is planned from 6-8 p.m. every other Saturday starting this week. Saturday, July 7 features video games. Saturda?

Source: http://www.facebook.com/HCNews/posts/10151082325001667

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Wednesday, July 4, 2012

US says sorry, Pakistan opens Afghan supply lines

FILE - In this June 12, 2012 file photo, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton speaks at the State Department in Washington. The Obama administration says Pakistan is reopening supply lines into Afghanistan after the U.S. issued an apology for the November killing of 24 Pakistani troops in a NATO airstrike. Clinton says she told Pakistan?s foreign minister in a telephone conversation that the U.S. is ?sorry for the losses suffered by the Pakistani military.? She says both sides acknowledged mistakes that resulted in deaths. (AP Photo/Pablo Martinez Monsivais, File)

FILE - In this June 12, 2012 file photo, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton speaks at the State Department in Washington. The Obama administration says Pakistan is reopening supply lines into Afghanistan after the U.S. issued an apology for the November killing of 24 Pakistani troops in a NATO airstrike. Clinton says she told Pakistan?s foreign minister in a telephone conversation that the U.S. is ?sorry for the losses suffered by the Pakistani military.? She says both sides acknowledged mistakes that resulted in deaths. (AP Photo/Pablo Martinez Monsivais, File)

Oil tankers, which were used to transport NATO fuel supplies to Afghanistan, are parked, in Karachi, Pakistan, Monday, July 2, 2012. (AP Photo/Shakil Adil)

Pakistani mechanics yield the body of an oil tanker, which was used to transport NATO fuel supplies to Afghanistan, parked with other tankers in Karachi, Pakistan, Monday, July 2, 2012. (AP Photo/Shakil Adil)

Shows the recently opened supplied routes from Pakistan to Afghanistan

A Pakistani mechanic works on an oil tanker, which was used to transport NATO fuel supplies to Afghanistan, while parked with other tankers in Karachi, Pakistan, Tuesday, July 3, 2012. The Obama administration said Tuesday that Pakistan was reopening its supply lines into Afghanistan, after the U.S. belatedly issued an apology for the November killing of 24 Pakistani troops in a NATO airstrike. (AP Photo/Shakil Adil)

WASHINGTON (AP) ? Ending a bitter seven-month standoff, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton apologized to Pakistan on Tuesday for the killing of 24 Pakistani troops last fall and won in return the reopening of critical NATO supply lines into Afghanistan. The agreement could save the U.S. hundreds of millions of dollars in war costs.

Resolution of the dispute also bandages a relationship with Pakistan that will be crucial in stabilizing the region. The ties have been torn in the past year and a half by everything from a CIA contractor who killed two Pakistanis to the unilateral U.S. raid on Osama bin Laden's Pakistan compound.

But the accord carries risks for both governments ? threatening to make Pakistan's already fragile civilian leadership look weak and subservient to the United States while offering fodder to Republicans, including presidential candidate Mitt Romney, who contend that President Barack Obama says "sorry" too easily.

The first trucks carrying NATO goods should move across the border on Wednesday, U.S. officials said. It could take days to ramp up supplies to pre-attack levels, but around two dozen impatient truck drivers celebrated the news in a parking lot in the southern city of Karachi by singing, dancing and drumming on empty fuel cans.

"We are sorry for the losses suffered by the Pakistani military," Clinton said, recounting a telephone conversation she had with Pakistani Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar concerning the deaths that led Pakistan to close the supply routes. "I offered our sincere condolences to the families of the Pakistani soldiers who lost their lives. Foreign Minister Khar and I acknowledged the mistakes that resulted in the loss of Pakistani military lives."

"I am pleased that Foreign Minister Khar has informed me that the ground supply lines into Afghanistan are opening," Clinton added in her statement.

It marked the first time any U.S. official formally apologized for the deaths, a step hotly debated within the Obama administration and one demanded by Pakistan before it would reopen the supply routes. Pakistani lawmakers also wanted Washington to halt all air strikes in the country and stop shipping weapons and ammunition to Afghanistan through Pakistani airspace, demands the U.S. has ignored. Negotiations stumbled at one point over transit fees Pakistan sought to charge.

The November incident was the deadliest among the allies in the decade-long fight against al-Qaida and other extremist groups along the Afghan-Pakistani frontier.

An American investigation found that Pakistani forces fired first and U.S. soldiers responded in self-defense. It blamed bad maps, poor coordination and Islamabad's failure to provide the locations of its borders for the failure to determine if Pakistani forces were in the area. Pakistan argued that its troops shot at militants who were nowhere near coalition soldiers, and accused the U.S. of launching a deliberate attack.

The breakdown of the U.S.-Pakistani partnership arrived at an awful time, only weeks after Clinton and CIA Director David Petraeus went to Islamabad to patch up the relationship and secure a Pakistani commitment to snuff out support given by its intelligence services to the Taliban ? support that Washington sees as a threat to the Afghan war effort.

The Obama administration, in an election year, expressed regret for the deaths but dug in its heels over the word "sorry," fearful it might open the president to criticism from Republicans already critical of Pakistan's links with militants fighting in Afghanistan.

It is also unclear what the apology will mean for the U.S. call for Pakistan to crack down on the militant Haqqani network, which is believed to use Pakistan as a rear base for attacks on American troops in Afghanistan.

Having titled his campaign book, "No Apology," Romney accuses Obama of having gone "around the world and apologized for America." The accusation refers to Obama's trip to Cairo early in his presidency, when he sought to repair U.S. relations with the Muslim world. Clinton's remarks made no reference to an "apology," though she did use the word "sorry."

Obama made no comments about Pakistan on Tuesday, leaving Clinton's statement as the only official U.S. explanation of the agreement. It was released just as Pakistani civilian and military leaders were meeting to discuss whether to reopen the routes, and there was no confirmation from Islamabad of a decision for more than two hours.

"The main thing is that a superpower has acknowledged our principled stance, and they have shown flexibility," said Information Minister Qamar Zaman Kaira, speaking in Urdu. "It was not the issue of money. It was the issue of our sovereignty," he said, adding that American authorities assured Pakistan there would be no repeat of the incident.

The prime minister's office said the government reopened the supply lines in and out of Afghanistan to help its northern neighbor's "transformation process" more than a decade after bin Laden used the country to launch the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and the U.S. responded by helping overthrow the Taliban.

It stressed that reopening the supply lines would help the U.S. pull out of Afghanistan sooner, saying the transition was in "Pakistan's interest." The statement sought to head off the inevitable political backlash in a country where anti-American sentiment is rife and the United States is often blamed for internal problems.

Still, Pakistan's more conservative political groups rejected the decision. Amirul Azim, a top leader of Pakistan's radical Jamaat-e-Islami party, said, "The main thing is that we should not reopen the NATO supply route, and we should isolate ourselves from this so-called war against terrorism."

And the fallout could hurt Pakistan's civilian government, which was re-established four years ago after a history of military coups. It has struggled to assert itself against the powerful Pakistani army and hardline Islamist religious leaders and politicians, who will likely point to the several parliamentary demands the U.S. ignored, including the call for an "unconditional apology" for the attack. Washington mentioned mistakes on both sides.

Clinton said Pakistan wouldn't charge any new transit fee and the reopening would help the U.S. draw down its forces in Afghanistan "at a much lower cost."

The U.S. government has never paid transit fees directly. Pakistan charges companies $250 per truck for transit, and the U.S. accounts for those fees in its contracts with those companies, so it pays indirectly. During negotiations Pakistan had asked for a flat fee of up to $5,000, but Washington offered extensive road construction projects to sweeten the deal.

With the supply lines closed, the U.S. has been forced to use more costly transportation routes through Russia and Central Asia. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta had estimated the cost at an extra $100 million a month, warning that it could get more expensive as the U.S. started to withdraw equipment in advance of the 2014 troop drawdown in Afghanistan.

Capt. John Kirby, a Pentagon spokesman, said that once the backlog of materiel clears the re-opened supply routes, "we expect to be able to save between $70 million and $100 million per month."

The $100 million a month estimate would mean the lengthy standoff cost U.S. taxpayers some $700 million, and denied Pakistan's revenue-starved government millions of dollars in transit fees.

The total could be more.

The Pentagon asked Congress last week for approval to transfer $2.1 billion from other funds to cover costs largely resulting from the closure of the Pakistan supply routes.

Three separate transfers totaling $1.7 billion covered increased fuel and transportation costs for the Army resulting from the closed routes. A fourth transfer of about $370 million was for the Air Force, which had to increase the transportation of supplies by air in part to compensate for the shutdown of the ground routes through Pakistan. The budget request did not specify how much of the $370 million was related to the Pakistan problems and how much was just additional support for the war.

Much of those added costs already have been incurred, but the Pentagon plans to do a review of the transfers to see whether any of the money can be saved, although no major changes are expected.

Panetta said Tuesday he welcomed Pakistan's decision.

"We remain committed to improving our partnership with Pakistan and to working closely together as our two nations confront common security challenges in the region," he said.

According to a senior defense official, the agreement also could cost the U.S. as much as $1.1 billion. The official, who spoke on condition of anonymity because the details were not final, said the Pentagon intends to submit $1.1 billion in approved requests for reimbursement of money the Pakistan government has spent on counterterrorism operations that were incurred largely along the border.

The requests for aid are approved by the defense secretary and then Congress is notified. Lawmakers can vote to reject them.

___

Rebecca Santana reported from Islamabad. Associated Press writers Lolita C. Baldor in Washington and Sebastian Abbot in Islamabad contributed to this report.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2012-07-03-US-US-Pakistan/id-a7ecd03d3af2442eb98edb697ed96722

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